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READING AND LITERACY
The following is a general list of risk factors for reading difficulties by grade level. Please note that the list is not all-inclusive and should be interpreted with reference to age and grade expectations.
Risk Indicators for Preschool
A history of significant language delay or disorder, even if the child currently appears to have age-appropriate language abilities
Limited exposure to oral and written language before beginning school
A native language other than English
A disability that affects oral language acquisition, such as a hearing impairment
A significant history of reading difficulties in close family members
Oral language difficulties
Risk Indicators for children in Kindergarten and First Grade
Poor phonological / phonemic awareness
Lack of familiarity with basic print
Poor knowledge of common letter-sound relationships
Difficulty decoding unfamiliar
Risk Indicators for children in Second and Third Grade
Ongoing difficulties with decoding of unfamiliar words
Slow, laboured, dysfluent reading
Poor reading of comprehension
Poor spelling
The Reading Acquisition Framework - An Overview by Wesley A. Hoover and P.B.Gough
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